CSCW Archive

https://dl.eusset.eu/handle/20.500.12015/4096

In addition to (peer-reviewed) material published in conference proceedings and journals, there is a large body of material like project reports etc. that has not been published and/or is no longer available (online) anywhere. In this section of the EUSSET Digital Library we are collecting this material.

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    Information, Value & the Internal Marketplace
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1983) Turoff, Murray
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    Tradeoffs in Designing Organizations: Implications for New Forms of Human Organizations and Computer Systems
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Malone, Thomas W.; Smith, Stephen A.
    In this paper, we develop a model that can be applied to a wide range of problems in organizatio theory and computer science including: (1) explaining historical changes in the structure of American business organizations. (2) predicting changes in the structure of human organizations that may result from the widespread use of computers, and (3) analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized task scheduling in computer networks.
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    Development of Interllectual Capability
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Jaques, Elliott
    This paper is concerned with the subject of the ability of individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior in problem-solving and in everyday work. It concentrates upon one aspect only of this ability; namely, that of intellectual capability - or what tends currently to be referrred to as cognitive processes. It addresses a number of connected issues: first, what is the nature of cognitive processes, defined here as the processes by which individuals form or pattern the world which they construct and work with?; second, how is it possible to measure the scale or degree of complexity of cogrnitive processes - defined here as cognitive power - and by the same token, to measure the size of the world which a person can construct and live in?; and thirs, what is the pattern of development of the cognitive power of an individual - how does it mature and grow?
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    Computer Networking as a Vehicle for Citizen Participation: A Case Study of the White House Conference on Productivity
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Hiltz, Starr Roxanne
    In The Network Nation, the possibility of dispersed citizens using computer mediated communication to discuss matters of political policy and to formulate recommendations or coordination political action was discussed. In the Spring of 1983 such a scenario was enacted. At that time, the American Productivity Center (APC) in Houston, Texas, organized and coordinated and effort to use EIES (the Electronic Information Exchange System) as a means of formulating private sector recommendations for improving productivity in the U.S., to be presented at the White House Conference on Productivity the following fall. About 200 people worked together in seven different task groups to produce the recommendations. This is a report on the computer conferences and on the reactions of the participants to theier experiences. The data presented here were gathered through participant observation in one of the working groups, (including attendance at the meetings in Houston and Pittsburgh); by the use of the Survey system on EIES to administer and online survey to the participants; and by use of a conference analysis program on EIES which counts amount of participation by each member of a conference.
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    An Office Study: Its Implications on the Understanding of Organizations
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Barber, Gerald R.
    The results of an office study are presented. The goals of the study were to determine some parameters of the problem solving and knowledge level processing that occurs in a particular organization. The problem solving processes in the organization are described and the relationship between these problem solving processes and some characteristics of the knowledge used to solve the problems is discussed. In addition we describe the impact exceptions have on the evolution of the organization and identify two mechanisms that help the organization adapt to change. The implications of the results of the study on the understandig of organizations are discussed. Areas of further study are described.
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    TEXTNET: A Network-Based Approach to Text Handling
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Trigg, Randall H.; Weiser, Mark
    This paper describes a new system for text structuring called Textnet. The Textnet approach uses one uniform data structure to capture graph-like pools of text as well as embedded hierarchical structures. Using a semantic network formalism of nodes connected by typed links, the relationships between neighboring pieces of thext are made explicit. We also describe our partial implementation of the Textnet approach which makes use of an object-oriented window/menu-driven user interface. Users peruse the network by moving among object menus or by reading text along a path through the network. In addition, critiquing, reader linking, searching, and jumping are easily accessible operations. Finally, the results of a short trial with users are presented.
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    Team Tools for Teamwork
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Pouzin, Louis
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    An Office Information System based on Intelligent Forms
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Ellis, Clarence A.
    This paper summarizes some design ideas and implementation alternatives for a distributed Office Information System (abbreviated OIS herein). Our design is aimed toward efficient and elegant distributed implementations which support facilities such as intelligent forms, dynamic coupling of migrant processes, and consistent recomilation of system components during execution. Explanation of and rationale for these facilities is presented within this memo. Rationale is based upon years of study and modeling of offices, and design, implementation and measurement of prototype OISs within the Office Research Group at Xerox PARC.
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    The Representation of Debate as a Basis for Information Storage and Retrieval
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Lowe, David
    Interactive computer networks offer the potential for creating a body of information on any given topic which combines the best available contributions from a large number of users. This paper describes a system for cooperatively structuring and evaluating information through well-specified interactions by many users with a common database. A working version of the system has been implemented and examples of its use are presented. At the heart of the system is a structured representation for debate, in which conclusions are explicitly justified or negated by individual items of evidence. Through debates on the accuracy of information and on aspects of the structures themselves, a large number of users can cooperatively rank all available items of information in terms of significance and relevance to each topic. Individual users can then choose the depth to which they wish to examine these structures for the purposes at hand. The function of this debate is not to arrive at specific conclusions, but rather to collect and order the best available evidence on each topic. By representing the basic structure of each field of knowledge, the system would function at one level as an information retrieval system in which documents are indexed, evaluated and ranked in the context of each topic of inquiry. At a deeper level, the system would encode knowledge in the structure of the debates themselves. This use of an interactive system for structuring information offers many further opportunities for improving the accuracy, currency, and accessibility of information.
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    Task Support in an Office System
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Croft, W. Bruce; Lefkowitz, Lawrence S.
    A major goal of an office system is to support the tasks that are central to the office functions. Some office tasks are readily implemented with generic office tools, such as calendars, forms packages and mail. Many tasks, however, involve complex sequences of actions that do not all correspond to tool invocations and, instead, rely on the problem-solving ability of the office workers. In this paper, we describe a system (POISE) that can be used to both automate routine tasks and provide assistance in more complex situations. The type of assistance provided can range from maintaining a record of the tasks currently being executed to suggesting possible next steps and answering natural language queries about the tasks. The POISE system uses both a procedure-based and a goal-based representation of the tasks to achieve efficiency and flexibility. The mechanisms used by POISE are described with example procedures from a university office.
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    XCP: An Experimental Tool for Managing Cooperative Activity
    (Readings of Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1984, 1984) Sluizer, Suzanne; Cashman, Paul M.
    A project usually requires the cooperative efforts of more than one person to accomplish ist goals. As the number of people working on a project increases, the time spent in coordinating their efforts multiplies, and difficulties often arise. Communication breakdowns cause major problems because communication is the cornerstone of effective cooperation. Decision making becomes complicated because areas of responsivility are ambiguous. Procedures which are set up to ensure critical actions occur often degrade over time. XCP is an experimental coordinator tool which assists an organization in implementing and maintaining it procedures. Its goal is to reduce the costs of communicating, coordinating, and deciding by carrying out formal plans of cooperative activity in partnership with its users. It tracks, prods, and manages the relational complexity as captured in the formal plan, so that human resources are available for more productive tasks. It can aid in the training of new staff because they do not have to learn a procedure in an ad hoc fashin. A protoype has been implemented in the VAX LISP language, and runs on a VAX 11/785, 11/780, or 11/750 processor under the VMS operating system.
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    Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
    (1984) Cashman, Paul M.; Greif, Irene
    Cashman, Paul M.; and Irene Greif (eds) (1984). Workshop on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 13-15 August 1984, Endicott House, Dedham, Ma. From the files of Randy Trigg; Scanned and edited by Kjeld Schmidt, 2019; includes transcript and readings (which include some original works and some works already published before by the workshop participants)
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    Informing CSCW System Requirements
    (1993)
    The thrust of this Strand of the COMIC Project is mainly methodological in investigating aspects of the relationship between the social analysis of work settings and the systems development context. It has been assumed throughout the work that real world CSCW systems will be large scale and, thus, need be produced by appropriate software engineering processes. In addition, it has also recognised that CSCW raises special problems regarding the effective analysis of the social organisation of work settings and that among the more promising methods in this regard, namely ethnography, does not sit easily with many of the current methods of requirements elicitation and system development.
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    Computational Mechanisms of Interaction for CSCW
    (1993) Simone, Carla; Schmidt, Kjeld
    The present report documents the research activities undertaken in Task 3.2 of the COMIC project. The objective of the three years of research of Strand 3 is to develop a conceptual foundation for designing computational mechanisms of interaction for CSCW applications that can support the complex task of articulating distributed cooperative activities. The report consists of three parts: Based on a survey of social science studies of cooperative work, Part 1 outlines a conceptual framework for the development of the concept of mechanisms of interaction. Part 3 presents the comprehensive analysis of CSCW systems (applications, shells, models) that have been analyzed in order to unravel and assess the underlying mechanisms of interaction. Part 2 brings the two bodies of evidence together, identifies requirements for mechanisms of interaction, and outlines the conceptual foundation for the design of mechanisms of interaction in CSCW systems.
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    Issues of Supporting Organizational Context in CSCW Systems
    (1993) Bannon, Liam; Schmidt, Kjeld
    This report documents the work in Strand 1 of the COMIC project concerning the nature and support of what has been termed “organizational context” in CSCW systems. The report provides a va- riety of approaches to understanding concepts of organization and context, and their implications for computer support.
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    Requirements and Metaphors of Shared Interaction
    (1993) Benford, Steve; Mariani, John
    This document is COMIC Deliverable D4.1 “Requirements and metaphors of shared interaction”. It presents results from the first year of COMIC on the topic of novel mechanisms of group interaction. These results consider interaction with shared objects and the modelling of spatial action around these objects.
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    Social Mechanisms of Interaction
    (1994) Schmidt, Kjeld
    The present report documents the research activities undertaken in Task 3.1 of the COMIC project. The objective of the three years of research of Strand 3 is to de- velop a conceptual foundation for designing computational mecha- nisms of interaction for CSCW applications that can support the complex task of articulating distributed cooperative activities. The present deliverable presents analyses of a number of real- world mechanisms of interaction. In doing that, the deliverable focuses on the features of these mechanisms that enable them to provide efficient and flexible support of coordination of distributed activities and the way these mechanisms are managed cooperatively. On the other hand, based on these and other studies, the deliverable presents and discusses a conceptual framework for analysis of mechanisms of interaction and derives a set of re- quirements for a notation for constructing computational mechanisms of interaction
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    CSCW Requirements Development
    (1994)
    This deliverable considers the work of the COMIC project on involving ethnographic studies of work into the development of CSCW systems. The particular focus of our work has been to incorporate ethnographic studies of work into the general set of resources drawn upon by the designers of cooperative systems. This deliverable presents the framework for the analysis and presentation of ethnographic material across a series of fieldstudies. The work on the framework is complemented by an ethnographic handbook that considers best practice in CSCW systems design.
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    Computable Models and Prototypes of Interaction
    (1994) Benford, Steve; Bullock, Adrian; Fuchs, Ludwin; Mariani, John
    This document forms Deliverable 4.2. of the COMIC project. The input for this deliverable comes from two tasks within workpackage 4, Task 4.2 “Computer modelling and prototyping of interaction within virtual computer spaces” and Task 4.3 “Modelling, prototyping and assessment of multi-user interaction with and through shared artifacts”. Each of these tasks is addressed by a separate part of the deliverable, although this is not to say that they present unrelated work. To the contrary there has been significant cooperation between the partners involved in both of these tasks. The first portion of the deliverable focuses on the development and prototyping of a computational model of interaction within virtual computer spaces. The second portion of the deliverable presents the work undertaken within task 4.3 of the COMIC project. The work described in this section of the deliverable focuses on the sharing of objects across a community of users.